Investment and Retirement Planning Essay

Presentation †¢ Retirement is where an individual isn't in any sort of work/business/occupation. †¢ This generally stumbles over arriving at a decided age, when states of being don't permit the individual to work any more. †¢ Retirement could likewise be because of individual decision either because of satisfactory benefits or individual investment funds or because of a normal unmerited pay like premium, rents and so on. †¢ The retirement age changes from nation to nation however it is by and large somewhere in the range of 55 and 70. †¢ Certain employments, which are of hazardous nature or of exhausting nature, may have a previous retirement age. Backing and Funds †¢ Retired people bolster themselves either through superannuation, annuities, reserve funds or through family (procuring youngsters), as in Indian families. †¢ In some different nations the legislature gives the annuity advantage to every one of its residents. Retirement Planning †¢ Retirement money related arranging alludes to an assortment of frameworks, strategies and procedures which bolster a family unit’s (client’s) want to accomplish a condition of monetary freedom. †¢ It is a procedure of deciding the monetary objectives at the purpose of retirement. †¢ It requires consistent observing of the advancement of the arrangement and afterward taking sufficient therapeutic measures Requirement For Retirement Planning †¢ Increasing Life Span †¢ Low Returns In Conventional Modes Of Savings. †¢ Unintended Contingencies. †¢ Increasing Medical Cost. †¢ Diminishing Trend Of Joint Family System †¢ Inflationary Trends †¢ Absence Of Social Security Benefits By The State †¢ Pursuing Hobbies †¢ Falling Interest Rates Steps In Retirement Planning †¢ Decision retirement about the retirement age choice. †¢ Setting of money related objectives †¢ Saving of significant sums w.r.t. objectives †¢ Investing in suitable modes †¢ Calculation of total assets †¢ Regular checking of budgetary arrangement and consolidate the vital revisions in the arrangement. Variables Affecting Retirement Planning †¢ Life style †¢ Personal qualities †¢ Nature of salary salaried, business or expert; stable employment/non-stable occupation; private occupation/government work †¢ Number of years left for taking retirement †¢ Inflation rate †¢ Present total assets of an individual †¢ Risk craving of an individual †¢ Services of a confirmed budgetary organizer †¢ Conviction in the retirement arranging exertion †¢ Seriousness and diligence for retirement arranging Future and Career Stability Future †¢ Life hope is the significant leader of retirement arranging. †¢ according to the Indian setting, still the significance of retirement arranging isn't obviously distinguished. †¢ With the expanding future, elevated expectations of living and exclusive requirements for the up and coming future, pressure is developing for support assignment, to get together the necessities of retirement. †¢ Longevity of future must be remembered while making out a retirement plan. †¢ Key variables to be assessed while making out a retirement plan are available way of life, pay and ability to spare, family conditions, level of swelling winning in the economy and the standard one might want to keep up at the hour of post retirement INDIA and RETIREMENT PLANNING †¢ 90% percent of India’s complete working populace isn't secured for postretirement life. †¢ The principle goal of retirement arranging is to make a very much financed and safe future for the customer. †¢ Financial necessities of the customer should be clubbed between his/her present salary and post retirement use. †¢ To keep up current way of life one needs to plan to spare right around 65 to 85% of current salary. Life Cycle †¢ Every period of life cycle has an alternate degree of salary, use and sparing. †¢ The principal period of life cycle is where an individual has no income however certain measure of cash is spent on him/her (school charges, dress, food and so forth). †¢ Second stage comes where the individual could possibly begin his genuine income or a steady profession. †¢ In the third stage an individual enters a steady profession and has great measure of profit to spare and begin getting ready for his/her retirement †¢ Fourth and fifth stage is timeframe to spare most extreme and allot most extreme assets for the retirement arranging. †¢ In the 6th stage comes the mature age. At this stage the reserve funds will in general lessen as a result of clinical costs, new costs identified with mature age and so forth †¢ The last two phases of the existence cycle is the retirement time frame where the sparing are used to cover the genuine retirement years or retirement costs. Profession Stability †¢ Career steadiness is one of the most significant factor which plainly should be assessed to build up a retirement plan. †¢ Fund portion for retirement is finished with the assistance of surplus profit of a person during his/her pre-retirement period. †¢ Stable vocation and consequently stable income gives a degree to having all around arranged and composed retirement plan †¢ Employers additionally have a significant job in retirement arranging as they contribute in benefits plans other commitment plans and so forth †¢ Career strength assists with drawing away from of future profit can be which helps in retirement arranging Main considerations Affecting Career Stability †¢ Job Satisfaction: Job fulfillment covers the variables like the degree of pay and advantages, the apparent reasonableness of the advancement framework inside an organization, the nature of the working conditions, administration and social connections, and the activity itself. †¢ Alternative chances: If the market is opening up for new openings and vocations and individual can give his works onto those open doors the profession dependability can set out for changes. †¢ Employer-Employee Relationship: This issue covers the components like unwaveringness of a person towards the business, future insurance gave by the business, inspiration, administration, opportune examinations. †¢ Changing financial conditions: The monetary states of a nation like downturn cycles, creating divisions, issues identified with a specific part private and open possession and so on additionally influences the vocation strength. †¢ There are additionally different approaches and monetary procedures of government identified with business and remote speculations and so forth which have an immediate effect on work situation. PRE-RETIREMENT Counseling Presentation †¢ It is an arranging. intuitive piece of retirement †¢ In pre-retirement directing all the essentials of the retirement plan are drafted according to the requirements and desires for the customer and according to the client’s present and foreseen monetary conditions. †¢ Financial organizer needs to obviously assess the requirements, mentality and way of life of the customer to have a solid and dependable connection with the customer. Steps For Retirement Plan †¢ Inauguration Of Retirement Plan: Inauguration of retirement plan would rely upon future. On the off chance that the customer begins amassing assets for his/her retirement ahead of schedule, with little reserve funds and less weight he will have the option to accomplish the objective. †¢ Desired Retirement Status: This would include planning, salary sources and legitimate resource the executives and so on. Assessed consumption and wellsprings of pay during the retirement years to the customer must be assessed appropriately. †¢ Retirement Expenses and Sources Of Income: Clear distinguishing proof of the considerable number of expenses and wages must be made. Arrangements for dispensing 65 to 70% of current salary for the retirement time frame ought to be drawn. Protection With Retirement Planning †¢ Insurance plans with a money back or entire extra security are reasonable on the grounds that they give protection as long as the premiums are paid and furthermore gathers reserve funds, accordingly it has a money esteem. †¢ It additionally assists with taking care of revealed clinical costs, memorial service costs and likewise goes about as a salary substitution for survivors. †¢ With expanding future, and different difficulties an extra security can give a deep rooted, effortless retirement and protection insurance. †¢ Major costs of the retirement years are the medicinal services costs, medical coverage can go about as some assistance all things considered to get together these expenses. 26/30 Home Planning With Retirement Planning †¢ Estate arranging is the way toward amassing and discarding a domain to amplify the profits of the bequest proprietor. †¢ Various apparatuses of home arranging are utilized like Wills, Trusts, Gifts, Contributions and appropriate assessment of Estate charges. †¢ Estate arranging ought to keep up out the expenses of the property and ought to build up a domain intend to give legitimate and safe pay age. †¢ Estate plan will cover all the legitimate customs and all the documentation with respect to future exchanges. Assessment Planning With Retirement Planning †¢ Savings and ventures are interconnected. †¢ Proper administration of reserve funds and speculation results to tax reductions and these become significant at the hour of retirement. †¢ Retirement organizer should obviously assess the parts of its liquidity, security, and the most significant one the arrival and expense pay over such speculations. †¢ Proper duty arranging would itself be able to demonstrate out to be a sparing device on the grounds that with powerful assessment arranging is essential establishment for successful retirement arranging.

Books By and About Marian Wright Edelman

Books By and About Marian Wright Edelman A few books by and about Marian Wright Edelman: Print Bibliography Marian Wright Edelman. The State of Americas Children, Yearbook 2002. Marian Wright Edelman. Im Your Child, God: Prayers for Our Children. 2002. Marian Wright Edelman. Guide My Feet: Prayers and Meditations for Our Children. 2000. Marian Wright Edelman. The State of Americans Children: Yearbook 2000 - A Report from the Childrens Defense Fund. 2000. Marian Wright Edelman. The State of Americas Children: A Report from the Childrens Defense Fund: Yearbook 1998. Marian Wright Edelman. Lights: A Memoir of Mentors. 1999. Marian Wright Edelman. The Measure of Our Success: A Letter to My Children Yours. 1992. Marian Wright Edelman. I Dream a World. 1989. Marian Wright Edelman. Families in Peril: An Agenda For Social Change. 1987. Marian Wright Edelman. Represent Children. 1998. Ages 4-8. Joann Johansen Burch. Marian Wright Edelman: Childrens Champion. 1999. Ages 4-8. Wendie C. Old. Marian Wright Edelman: Fighter for Childrens Rights. 1995. Youthful Adult. Beatrice Siegel. Marian Wright Edelman: The Making of a Crusader. 1995. Ages 9-12. Andrew Carroll, supervisor. Presentation by Marian Wright Edelman. Letters of a Nation: A Collection of Extraordinary American Letters. Republish 1999. Susan Skog, supervisor. Grasping Our Essence: Spiritual Conversations With Prominent Women. 1995.

Organized Crime Government free essay sample

Composed Crime amp; the Political Machine Throughout history there has been a consistent battle, yet additionally an unpredictable trap of association among government and sorted out wrongdoing. Pay off, coercion and misappropriation are among a portion of the wrongdoings that associate the mafia with significant political figures freely, anyway the connection between these two elements appears to go much more profound. Truth be told, as per late examination, some chosen authorities are, themselves, significant wrongdoing pioneers. A prime case of this is Illinois government official and previous city hall leader of Chicago, Richard M. Daley. Daley’s family includes incredible chronicled criticalness inside the city as his dad, Richard J. Daley, was likewise civic chairman of Chicago. His sibling William M. Daley served under previous U. S. president Bill Clinton as U. S. Secretary of Commerce and their more established sibling John P. Daley is the money executive on the Cook County Board of Commissioners. Daley himself was in the Illinois State Senate for a long time. We will compose a custom paper test on Composed Crime Government or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page After that he won the political decision to become Cook County’s State’s lawyer where he stayed for a long time from 1980-1989, and won the political race for civic chairman of Chicago in 1989 after Harold Washington’s demise. The family is known as â€Å"the Daley Machine†, and keeping in mind that the negative social, monetary, and financial effect of the machine is all around recorded, both dad and child kept on being reappointed. An outrage in 2005 was Mayor Daley clarifying roughly $48 million in invades for the remodel of a terminal at O’Hare International Airport. Delegate Jesse L. Jackson Jr. D) expressed, â€Å"You can trick a few people for a long time, the inquiry is on the off chance that they need to be tricked for 20 years† (Chicago Tribune, 1996). A government examination in 2006 of â€Å"pervasive fraud† prompted 30 arraignments, including two senior directors intently attached to the civic chairman, and twelve bureau l evel renunciations which prompted a cross examination of Daley himself. On the off chance that anybody accomplishes influence in Chicago, they have been bolstered by city hall leaders Richard Joseph Daley and his child. Nothing completed except if their directs were followed and Richard M. Daley has â€Å"reigned† over the city for around 21 years. Another hotspot for associations between composed wrongdoing and the political machine is New York City, a spot where the Mob has inconceivable impact. â€Å"The crowd has consistently had some impact in legislative issues, and previously, they even had their own competitors in a couple of key spots,† said Ron Goldstock, leader of the state’s Organized Crime Task Force. â€Å"But now we are starting to see proof of an unavoidable nearness. It’s for all intents and purposes open. We’ve even started to see associations in which mobsters and city business authorities were ready to go together. (New York Magazine, 1986) Former city hall leader of New York, Rudolph Giuliani said that sorted out wrongdoing bunches have gotten so striking, that horde associated organizations have started making direct crusade commitments on the books. â€Å"There was a day when hoods may have slipped cash to individuals under the table,† Giuliani stated, â€Å"but we are starting to locate that a significant number of the organizations connected to sorted out wrongdoing have transparently added to political campaigns† (New York Magazine, 1986). Claims of pay off in the city’s Parking Violations Bureau have uncovered in any event about six connects to the horde. A few models are: the mystery land organization between previous Department of Transportation official Anthony Ameruso and Angelo Ponte, a supposed mobster; the connection between prosecuted Bronx province Democratic pioneer Stanley Friedman and his top counsel Paul Victor, the child of a composed wrongdoing part who got an aggregate of $250,000 from Friedman’s battle advisory groups; and the connection between City Planning magistrate Theodore Teah and Robert Hopkins, who has been accused of requesting the homicide of a crowd rival. Following the path of the mind boggling associations between the crowd and their political partners is extremely intense work in light of the fact that once in a while do the top mobsters and top legislators get included. Mobsters work through their legal advisors, association pioneers, and representatives and figure out how to accomplish their political objectives utilizing next to no or no power. These understandings are made conceivable by agents and assistants, individuals who have manufactured companionships through adolescence, in crusades, and different business bargains. There is not all that much or bizarre about a politically dynamic legal advisor having a mobster as a customer, so this is a simple path for the lawbreakers to apply their impact. Stanley Friedman, referenced above, is a partner in a law firmâ€Roy Cohn’s firmâ€that is infamous for its protection of sorted out wrongdoing individuals. Friedman himself has been arraigned for pay off and stock misrepresentation after the notorious PVB Scandal. Law authorization authorities have started to take action against these unlawful associations since city outrages grabbed open eye in the mid to late 1980’s. Albeit a few specialists contend that these endeavors have come somewhat late. Formal government investigator Raymond Dearie contends that â€Å"Today, the hoods are practically vague from the great guys†¦their organizations have been acclimatized. † (New York Times, 1991) All we can do now is have confidence in our equity framework to search out these associations with composed wrongdoing and wash the political circle of the defilement that has increased such an incredible impact.

Admission Is Not Random

Admission Is Not Random April 15 Getting into a highly selective college is by no means random, as Steve Cohen seems to suggest at the end of his editorial. There is a college admissions article  up on The New York Observer by Steve Cohen, author of some book from way back in 1983 on college admissions (who hasnt written a book?), that we figured wed share some thoughts on. And, yes, were familiar with the book but there are tons of books on college admissions and we dont believe this book to have been all that influential! First of all, in this editorial, Mr. Cohen refers to that book he wrote about college admissions in this way: I have never worked in an admission office, but that didn’t keep me from co-authoring the most successful book ever written on the subject. By what metric is Mr. Cohen defining success? Book sales? Because weve checked the BookScan data. Yes, were familiar with BookScan, Mr. Cohen. There are lots of successful books on college admissions. What makes his the most successful? Were just curious. Crunching the numbers and all. But enough about this line were poking fun at. Wed like to address a few other points articulated in Mr. Cohens latest editorial. We have neither time nor energy to correct all of his incorrect statements, but well touch upon a few of this attorneys comments. He writes in his opening line, The going rate in New York for a private admissions counselor is $25,000, with some, who boast staffs comprised exclusively of Ivy League admission office alumni, commanding upward of $40,000 for a year of admission guidance. Mr. Cohen, while we do indeed boast a staff of former Ivy League admissions officers as well as other admissions officers of highly selective colleges, let us assure you that the fees you cite are not within ballpark of our Unlimited Package. You have not fully done your homework. The fee for our Unlimited Package is readily available  for you to learn about on CNBC as an example. You also suggest the following: I’ll propose one change that could put the whole system into perspective: every selective college should allocate 1 percent of its entering class admission slots to a lottery: 39 kids at Vanderbilt, 27 at Brown, and so on. A random selection process for a tiny percentage of the class. The personality of the place probably wouldn’t change. But it would underscore the randomness of the whole process and give kids one little, extra bit of hope. And hope is a good thing. The highly selective college admissions process and the Ivy League admissions process, Mr. Cohen, is by no means random  as you suggest and this point undercuts so many statements that you made in your editorial that are indeed both entirely accurate and rather insightful to readers. If the admissions process were random, students with terrible Academic Index scores would gain admission to Ivy League colleges. Students with terrible essays would get in, too, as would pote ntially convicted felons. Get the idea? We hope so. Random. Ridiculous.

Mischief, Mayhem, In Tyler We Trust A Textual Analysis...

Psychological disorders are widely represented in films, as well as in other media texts such as novels, television shows, etc. One film that portrays more than one example of a psychological disorder is Fight Club, a Twentieth Century Fox movie released with an R rating in 1999. Directed by David Fincher; and produced by Art Linson, Cean Chaffin, and Ross Grayson Bell, the movie mainly introduces Dissociative Identity Disorders (also known as Multiple Personality Disorders), but also hints at insomnia and depression. The movie is adapted from the book Fight Club written by Chuck Palahniuk. Fox marketed the movie using a â€Å"myriad of merchandise, including posters, the soundtrack, and even email addresses (yourname@fightclub.com)† (CNN).†¦show more content†¦To get a full understanding of the movie you have to watch it more than once because the way that it presents itself is like a mental puzzle for the viewer. The main character remains nameless until near the en d, going by simply narrator, according to the ending credits. Edward Norton was perfectly cast in this role. About halfway through the movie, narrator finds books referring to the anatomy of a man named Jack, at which time he starts referring to himself as Jack in the third person (e.g. â€Å" I am Jacks broken heart†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). My intent is to analyze the depiction of psychological disorders portrayed in the movie Fight Club. â€Å"People are always asking me if I know Tyler Durden†¦Ã¢â‚¬  narrator (Edward Norton) begins the movie with a narration mentioning a theater of mass destruction and some group called project mayhem that has set bombs around the city to detonate and destroy. Narrator makes a foreshadowing remark stating â€Å"I know this because Tyler knows this† which leads the audience to believe that maybe they are connected in a way that we don’t yet understand. Narrator/Jack then leads us into the movie by stating that he realizes all of what is happening has something to do with a girl named Marla Singer. We see Narrator/Jack at a support group for men with testicular cancer; he starts attending support group meetings after seeingShow MoreRelatedMischief, Mayhem, in Tyler We Trust: a Textual Analysis of Personality Disorders as Depicted in the Film Fight Club2758 Words   |  12 PagesPsychological disorders are widely represented in films, as well as in other media tex ts such as novels, television shows, etc. One film that portrays more than one example of a psychological disorder is Fight Club, a Twentieth Century Fox movie released with an R rating in 1999. Directed by David Fincher; and produced by Art Linson, Cean Chaffin, and Ross Grayson Bell, the movie mainly introduces Dissociative Identity Disorders (also known as Multiple Personality Disorders), but also hints at

Poverty And Poverty Essay - 785 Words

The interactionist, conflict and functionalist theories have been extensively used to guide the sociological understanding of social problems. The different views presented by these theoretical approaches are critical not only in understanding but also in resolving the various social issues. Poverty presents as one issue that every society has to grapple with given its inherent tendency to pose a threat to not only the poor but to the society as a whole (Mooney, Knox Schacht, 2014). The issue of poverty can always be argued from different sociological perspectives. The functionalist theory claims that social stability is critical and is at the center of adequate socialization and a healthy society. Social integration is viewed as a vital†¦show more content†¦Solutions, therefore, would not seek to adopt any rapid changes or changes intended to change the society’s structure. Any steps to alleviate poverty would, thus, be those bringing about slow changes and targetin g to strengthen critical institutions like the education system and the family to motivate and promote beliefs that would encourage the poor to work their way out of poverty (Barkan, 2012). The conflict theory on its part assumes that social problems are attributable to the perverse nature of societys structure (Barkan, 2012). The problems are mainly an effect of the social inequality based on factors as gender, social class, and race. Solutions to such problems can only be realized through deep social changes targeting to eliminate inequality and promote an egalitarian society. In a departure from the position taken by functionalists, the conflict theory insists on the role of structural changes to society in resolving social problems. The conflict theory would explain poverty as which emanates from the society’s inherent equality. It would result from prejudice and discrimination and the lack of opportunity and jobs among specific genders or groups of people (Mooney, Knox Schacht, 2014). Poverty would thus be a direct consequence of the effects of oppression to a section of the population as the oppressors target to maximize their gains. The awareness of the a buse can onlyShow MoreRelatedPoverty Essay931 Words   |  4 PagesTiara Bradshaw Mrs. Prince ENG 0123 17 November 2017 Poverty is something that many have suffered or still suffer from today. Poverty has changed a lot of lives for many years now. Many countries like the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia, Zimbabwe, and Niger are some of the poorest countries. This affects their education, society, environment, health, children, and even the crime rates. Poverty has become one of the greatest challenges in today’s society and is a major issue thatRead MorePoverty Essay709 Words   |  3 PagesWhen people start to think about poverty their thoughts instantly go towards a basic understanding of its definition. Most think of it as households with less than half of adjusted median disposable income throughout the nation. People don’t understand or think about the other factors that play a role in poverty such as: living conditions, gas rent money, safety, disconnection from society, and many others. Poverty has changed drastically over the years not only from the monetary value of it, butRead MoreInsular Poverty Essay1448 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 102 Insular Poverty 11/3/2012 Nobody wants to be considered to be below the poverty line. Unfortunately, for fourteen percent of the people in this country, that is their reality. Fourteen percent of the people currently living in the United States’ basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter are not being met. Poverty is experienced at different levels in different parts of the country. The causes and effects of insular poverty are experienced differently in rural and urban areas in theRead More Hunger and Poverty Essay806 Words   |  4 Pages Hunger and Poverty Hunger and Poverty During the course of this particular essay, I will prove to you many points. Maybe not to the extreme that it will change one’s thought processes on the subject of hunger and world poverty, but enough to form a distinction between moral obligation and moral capacity. What I will not mention is the fact that Peter Singer’s outdated material (1971), though thorough in the sense of supporting his view on hunger and world poverty as well as examining this schoolRead MorePoverty and Environment: an Essay on the Poverty-Environment Linkages3673 Words   |  15 PagesPoverty and Environment: An Essay on the Poverty-Environment Linkages Josiah Mwangi Ateka School of Economics , Kenyatta University November 2012 â€Æ' 1.0 Background Poverty reduction and environmental conservation represent two of the main global challenges. The two targets constitute part of the eight Global Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Arising from the thinking that Environmental degradation and poverty reinforce each other since the poor are both agents and victims of environmentalRead More Combating Poverty Essay1278 Words   |  6 Pages For some poverty is a way of life the day to day struggle of keeping food on the table and clothes on their back. For others it is something that is seen only on television, and even then it is not so easy to comprehend. This is usually the case with families who are well to do and money is not an issue. They may describe the characteristics of poverty as to not have certain materialistic items such as clothes, cars, accessories etc. However to someone living in those circumstances it may meanRead MoreThe Alleviation of Poverty Essay1600 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The alleviation of poverty and the increment of growth within a nation, such as ours, are achieved through the dual use of fiscal and monetary policy. The essay will give a brief description of both policies as well as the manner in which they theoretically operate when attempting to achieve their goals. A look at the current policies currently being used in the country and their success will be assessed in comparison with the policy aims. Lastly, a look at whether the current fiscalRead MoreFacing Poverty Essay677 Words   |  3 PagesThe Summary of â€Å"Facing Poverty with a Rich Girl’s Habits† ENG115061VA016-1126-001 (English Composition) July 22, 2012 According to Suki Kim, the author of â€Å"Facing Poverty with a Rich Girl’s habits, learning how to survive physically, emotionally, and educationally in a world that was far removed from the style of life she was accustomed to was one of the biggest challenges of her life. Kim went from having a father who was considered a millionaire, living in a mansion complete with a governessRead MoreEssay on Culture of Poverty5571 Words   |  23 PagesWORKING PAPER SERIES Theories of Poverty and Anti-Poverty Programs in Community Development Ted K. Bradshaw RPRC Working Paper No. 06-05 February, 2006 Rural Poverty Research Center http://www.rprconline.org/ Introduction Community development has a variety of strategies available to meet the needs of those persons and groups who are less advantaged, usually in poverty. Community developers help all communities, but their passion lies disproportionately with people who do not have adequateRead MoreDefining Poverty Essay2155 Words   |  9 PagesWhen it comes to poverty, there is the magnitude of definitions explaining the term. The definition of poverty has important implications from point of view of policy making, politics and academic debates. Each view has its own value judgments and explanations. Over the times, new definitions have surfaced the debates and yet, there is not a single universally acceptable definition of poverty. Definitions usually set the perimeters of the terminology and often subject to limitations and criticism

The Cardiovascular System

Question: How does structure Aid function of the human cardiovascular system? Answer: Introduction: Every living organism depends on interstitial fluid as a source of nutrients and oxygen and as a mode of disposal of waste materials. The blood plays a vital role in supplying oxygen to every organ of the body as well as carries away the waste materials from the organs. The continuous flow of blood is maintained by heart and it pumps the blood throughout a network of blood vessels. The human heart consists of four chambers that pump the blood to lungs in order to purify the deoxygenated blood and supplies oxygenated blood to the body (Nishikimi, 2011). The detail of the entire cardiovascular system is described below: 1. The structure and function of vascular system: There are three types of blood vessels in the human body and they are arteries, veins, and capillaries. The arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart towards the target organs and they eventually decrease their size forming capillaries to the organ and the deoxygenated blood from the organs are carried away to the heart by the veins. However, the largest artery in the body is aorta and the largest vein is vena cava. The circulatory system is known as closed system as the blood in enclosed in the heart or in blood vessels and always following through one direction, i.e., Heart (ventricles) - Arteries - Capillaries - Organ- Veins - Heart (atrium) Source: (Nishikimi, 2011) The arteries and veins are made up of three layers known as inner epithelial tissue, middle smooth muscle, and outer connective tissue. These layers provide elasticity and strength to the vessels. The walls of the arteries are thicker that of veins and the three layers help to withstand the high blood pressure coming from the heart. The artery wall expands when the blood passes through it and relaxes to spring back to prevent backflow; this is known as secondary circulation and reduces the load of heart. The pulmonary arteries are the only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood (Mizuguchi, 2010). The arteries get branched to networks known as capillaries and they have very large surface area but very thin walls with only one epithelial layer. The capillaries are narrow and the blood pressure is also slow down allowing the diffusion to take place in the organs. The deoxygenated blood is then carried away to the heart by the veins and its path is through the skeletal muscles were the blood flow is restricted by valves so that the blood flow could occur against the gravity. 2. The Structure and function of human heart: The heart is cone shaped situated within the sternum and tilted to the left. The walls of the heart are made up of three tissues, outer and inner epithelial and middle cardiac muscle. The cardiac muscle respires aerobically and hence, ensures plenty of oxygen through coronary artery and consists of rich mitochondria. The heart is covered by a protective membrane known as pericardium that consists of pericardium fluid, which reduces the friction among the cardiac muscles (Fa-Po, 2015). Source: (Mizuguchi, 2010) The heart consists of four chambers, known as right atrium and right ventricle; and left atrium and left ventricle. The right side of the lungs receives deoxygenated blood from the body though the superior vena cava that brings blood from the head and arms and inferior vena cava from the rest of the body. The vena cava empties the deoxygenated blood to the right atrium when the heart relaxes and eventually when the heart contracts the right artrio-venticular (AV) valve opens and the blood moves from right atrium to the right ventricle. This value is known as tricuspid valve and makes the sound lub on closing and prevents the backflow of the blood when the heart relaxes as a result when the right ventricle contracts the pulmonary valve opens and the blood flows to the pulmonary artery to the lungs. The pulmonary valve prevents the backflow of the blood and makes a sound dup (Fa-Po, 2015). The oxygenated blood leaves the lungs and enters to the left atrium though the pulmonary vein that is the only vein to carry oxygenated blood. When the left atrium contract the blood flow to the left ventricle through the left AV valve known as bicuspid valve and it prevents the backflow of the blood. When the left ventricle contracts the blood flows to the aorta through the aortic valve that carries oxygenated blood throughout the body. When the blood enters aorta, its walls expands that helps to detect the pulse in the body (Kodani, 2015). 3. The Heartbeat: The heart rate is also known as pulse that is the number of times an individuals heart beats per minute. The heart beats depends on individual to individual from their body size, age and condition of heart and also whether the individual is moving, sitting or meditating in an even temperature. When an individual is resting the heart beat rate is between 60 and 80 times per minute. When an individual does vigorous exercise, heart beat rate increases due to the need of oxygen and glucose by the cells and also removal of generated carbon dioxide from the cells (Kodani, 2015). 4. The Cardiac Cycle: The cardiac cycle is the sequence of events that takes place in one heart beat and the contraction of both atrium followed by the contraction of both ventricles. The heartbeat consists of two phase systole and diastole. The systole derives contraction and this occurs when the ventricles contract that closes the AV valve and simultaneously opens the semi lunar valve and eventually pumps the blood to the heart. The diastole derives relaxation and it occurs when the ventricles relax allowing the blood pressure to close the semi lunar valve and opening AV valve (Nademanee, 2010). Source: (Nademanee, 2010) The heart consists of a single muscle but it does not contract at once. The contraction spreads eventually throughout the heart by specialised cells known as Sino Atrial Node (SA node) present in the right atrium. These cells are also called natural pacemaker of the heart. The impulse of SA node spread through the right and left atrium causing both atriums to contract simultaneously (Mizuguchi, 2010). References: Fa-Po, C. (2015). Current and state of the art on the electrophysiologic characteristics and catheter ablation of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy. Kodani, E. (2015). Early detection of atrial fibrillation is the first step to prevent cardiogenic stroke: Usefulness of B-type natriuretic peptide, 65. Mizuguchi, Y. (2010). Concentric left ventricular hypertrophy brings deterioration of systolic longitudinal, circumferential, and radial myocardial deformation in hypertensive patients with preserved left ventricular pump function. Nademanee, K. (2010). Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation guided by complex fractionated atrial electrogram mapping of atrial fibrillation substrate. Nishikimi, T. (2011). Current biochemistry, molecular biology, and clinical relevance of natriuretic peptides.